SS‑31 binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, helping stabilize mitochondrial structure and improve electron transport efficiency. Research shows it enhances ATP production while reducing reactive oxygen species, supporting healthier cellular energy output. It also provides strong cytoprotective and antioxidant effects, protecting tissues under metabolic or oxidative stress. Additionally, SS‑31 is studied for improving muscle performance, endurance, and mitochondrial resilience, especially in aging or high‑stress biological models.